Table 4 Associations between socio-demographic factors and community-onset sepsis: cohort and case-control studies
From: Community-onset sepsis and its public health burden: a systematic review
Study ID country | Geographic scope and setting | Study design Sample size N | Type of sepsis | Risk factor (reference and exposure groups) | Summary measure of association (exposure vs. reference group) 95% CI | Covariates adjusted for | Methodological quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||||
Ginde 2013 [47] The USA | Nationwide | Retrospective cohort study | Severe | <65 | Ref 1.00 | sex and race/ethnicity | Low quality |
ED | ≥65 | OR=1.00 (0.52, 1.90) | |||||
N (cohort baseline – all ED visits)= 87,500,000 | |||||||
Wang 2012 [36] REGARDS-sepsis cohort study β2012-2015 The USA | Nationwide | Prospective cohort study | Non-severe | 45-54 | Ref 1.00 | Not adjusted (crude) | Acceptable quality |
| Â | Hospital ward, ED | 55-64 | HRR=1.44 (1.04, 2.00) | ||||
N (cohort baseline)=30,239 | 65-74 | HRR=2.29 (1.66, 3.16) | |||||
75≤ | HRR=3.87 (2.80, 5.35) | ||||||
Henriksen 2015b [43] Denmark | City/municipal | Case-control study | All | 15-64 | Ref 1.00 | Sex, alcoholism- related conditions, comorbidity, and immunosuppression | Low quality |
ED, ICU | N (cases)=1,713 | 65-84 | OR=3.09 (2.75, 3.48) | ||||
N (controls)=227,054 | ≥85 | OR=6.02 (5.09, 7.12) | |||||
Non-severe | 15-64 | Ref 1.00 | See above | ||||
65-84 | OR=2.15 (1.78, 2.60) | ||||||
≥85 | OR=3.66 (2.74, 4.88) | ||||||
Severe | 15-64 | Ref 1.00 | See above | ||||
65-84 | OR=3.93 (3.39, 4.56) | ||||||
≥85 | OR=7.84 (6.38, 9.63) | ||||||
Sex | |||||||
Ginde 2013 [47] The USA | Nationwide | Retrospective cohort study | Severe | Female | Ref 1.00 | Age and race/ethnicity | Low quality |
ED | Male | OR=1.13 (0.62, 2.00) | |||||
N (cohort baseline– all ED visits)= 87,500,000 | |||||||
Wang 2012 [36] REGARDS-sepsis cohort study β 2012-2015 The USA | Nationwide Hospital ward, ED | Prospective cohort study analysis | Non-severe | Female | Ref 1.00 | Not adjusted (crude) | Acceptable quality |
| Â | N (cohort baseline)=30,239 | Male | HRR=1.30 (1.15, 1.48) | ||||
Henriksen 2015b [43] Denmark | City/municipal | Case-control study | All | Female | Ref 1.00 | Age, alcoholism- related conditions, comorbidity, and immunosuppression | Low quality |
ED, ICU | N (cases)=1,713 | Male | OR=1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | ||||
N (controls)=227,054 | |||||||
Non-severe | Female | Ref 1.00 | See above | ||||
Male | OR=0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | ||||||
Severe | Female | Ref 1.00 | See above | ||||
Male | OR=1.07 (0.95, 1.22) | ||||||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
Ginde 2013 [47] The USA | Nationwide | Retrospective cohort study | Severe | Non-Hispanic White | Ref 1.00 | Age and sex | Low quality |
Non-Hispanic Black | OR=1.30 (0.62, 2.60) | ||||||
ED | N (cohort baseline– all ED visits)= 87,500,000 | Hispanic | OR=0.63 (0.23, 1.70) | ||||
Other | OR=2.40 (0.87, 6.50) | ||||||
Wang 2012 [36] REGARDS-sepsis cohort study β 2012-2015 The USA | Nationwide | Prospective cohort study analysis | Non-severe | Black | Ref 1.00 | sex, age, geographic region, education level, income, tobacco, alcohol use, baseline chronic medical conditions, biomarkers | Acceptable quality |
| Â | Hospital ward, ED | N (cohort baseline)=30,239 | White | HRR=1.56 (1.38, 1.75) | |||
Education | |||||||
Wang 2012 [36] REGARDS-sepsis cohort study β 2012-2015 The USA | Nationwide | Prospective cohort study analysis | Non-severe | ≥College | Ref 1.00 | Not adjusted (crude) | Acceptable quality |
| Â | Hospital ward, ED | N (cohort baseline)=30,239 | Some college | HRR=1.41 (1.19, 1.67) | |||
High school | HRR=1.52 (1.28, 1.80) | ||||||
<High school | HRR=1.88 (1.54, 2.29) | ||||||
Nursing home residence | |||||||
Ginde 2013 [47] The USA | Nationwide | Retrospective cohort study | Severe | No | Ref 1.00 | Age, sex and race/ethnicity | Low quality |
ED | Yes | OR=2.60 (1.20, 5.60) | |||||
N (cohort baseline)= 87,500,000 | |||||||