Table 1 Inclusion criteria

1. The paper was published in 2000 or later AND;

2. The paper was published in English AND;

3. The study is from one of the countries of Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the USA AND;

4. The paper is about a public health intervention either:

 a. Targeting at least one area of public health: health improvement; disease, injury, or disability prevention; environmental health; health emergency management; or health equity and determinants of health; and employing at least one public health strategy: health promotion; health protection, preventive interventions; or health assessment and disease surveillance OR;

 b. Aiming to improve system capacity by providing supportive infrastructure for implementation (research, performance management, information systems, adequate and well-trained human resources) AND;

5. The paper is about a public health policy or program that has been implemented or an implementation intervention that has been implemented AND;

6. The paper includes any of the following in the abstract:

 a. The study or discussion of implementation as a specific aim AND/OR;

 b. Factors that influence the implementation process or the implementation intervention AND/OR;

 c. Implementation outcomes AND/OR;

 d. The influence of context on implementation.