Domain | Risk of bias in study by Motoyoshi et al. [6] | Risk of bias in study by Chen et al. [84] | Risk of bias in study by Brisceno et al. [25] | Risk of bias in study by Wilmes et al. [33] | Risk of bias in study by McEwan [32] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias due to confounding | Serious risk | Moderate risk | Serious risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk |
Bias in selection of participants into the study | No information | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Bias in measurements of interventions | Moderate risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Moderate risk |
Bias due to departures from intended interventions | Low risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Bias due to missing data | Low risk | Low risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Moderate risk |
Bias in measurement of outcomes | Moderate risk | No information | No information | No information | No information |
Bias in selection of the reported result | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Overalla | Serious | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Moderate risk |