|
Title
|
Identification
| | |
| |
Specific terms “cost-effectiveness” or “cost-utility analysis” in title
|
181
|
81.2
|
|
Objective
|
Study question
| | |
| |
Clear presentation of study question and its relevance for decision-making
|
187
|
83.9
|
|
Methods
|
Protocol
| | |
| |
Existence of study protocol (or a priori established methods)
|
10
|
4.5
|
| |
Type of study
| | |
| |
Model based
|
200
|
89.7
|
| |
Deterministic decision-tree model
|
29
|
13.0
|
| |
Markov model
|
135
|
60.5
|
| |
Discrete event simulation
|
11
|
4.9
|
| |
Other (or unclear)
|
25
|
11.2
|
| |
Non-model based
|
23
|
10.3
|
| |
Observational (non-interventional) study
|
13
|
5.8
|
| |
Randomized controlled trial
|
10
|
4.5
|
| |
Population
| | |
| |
Number of participants included (or simulated)
|
127
|
57.0
|
| |
Adequate description of characteristics of the base case population
|
105
|
47.1
|
| |
Adults
|
170
|
76.2
|
| |
Children and adolescents
|
11
|
4.9
|
| |
Newborn and infants (less than 1 year)
|
8
|
3.5
|
| |
Overall population
|
4
|
1.8
|
| |
Not reported
|
30
|
13.5
|
| |
Type of interventions
| | |
| |
Pharmaceuticals
|
143
|
64.1
|
| |
Device/procedure
|
28
|
12.6
|
| |
Screening
|
16
|
7.2
|
| |
Surgery
|
12
|
5.4
|
| |
Educational/behavioural
|
8
|
3.6
|
| |
Other
|
16
|
7.2
|
| |
Type of comparators
| | |
| |
Active alternative
|
111
|
49.8
|
| |
Usual care
|
73
|
32.7
|
| |
Placebo or do nothing
|
39
|
17.5
|
| |
Adequate description of interventions and comparators
|
184
|
82.5
|
| |
Study perspective clearly stated
|
207
|
92.8
|
| |
National Health System only
|
156
|
70.0
|
| |
National Health System and societal
|
25
|
11.2
|
| |
Societal only
|
17
|
7.6
|
| |
Hospital
|
9
|
4.0
|
| |
Time horizon reported
|
218
|
97.8
|
| |
Short term
|
44
|
19.7
|
| |
Long term (>1 year and lifetime)
|
174
|
78.0
|
| |
Diagram of model or patients/events pathway reported
|
178
|
79.8
|
| |
Assumptions discussed
|
172
|
77.1
|
| |
Model validation discussed (when applicable)
|
88
|
44.0
|
| |
Reasons for the specific model used (when applicable)
|
91
|
45.5
|
| |
Measurement of effectivenessa
| | |
| |
Based on a single study
|
87
|
39.0
|
| |
Based on evidence synthesis (e.g. systematic review and/or meta-analysis)
|
40
|
17.9
|
| |
Full description of QALY calculation
|
42
|
18.8
|
| |
Harms were considered
|
129
|
57.8
|
| |
Cost and resources information
| | |
| |
Source of valuation for all cost items reported
|
216
|
96.9
|
| |
Quantity of resources
|
107
|
48.0
|
| |
Year of monetary units
|
195
|
87.4
|
| |
Costing
| | |
| |
Direct costs only
|
182
|
81.6
|
| |
Direct and indirect costs
|
41
|
18.4
|
| |
Discount rate for costs and QALYs
|
161
|
72.2
|
|
Results
|
Net costs reported
|
197
|
88.3
|
| |
Net benefits reported
|
192
|
86.1
|
| |
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) reported
|
207
|
92.8
|
| |
Confidence intervals (e.g. 95 % CI)
|
27
|
12.1
|
| |
Cost-effectiveness plane
|
99
|
44.4
|
| |
Acceptability curves
|
92
|
41.3
|
| |
Sensitivity analysis reported
|
201
|
90.1
|
| |
For costs
|
170
|
76.2
|
| |
For estimates of effectiveness
|
158
|
70.9
|
| |
For utility weights
|
95
|
42.6
|
| |
For discount rates
|
82
|
36.8
|
| |
Type of sensitivity analysis
| | |
| |
Deterministic univariate
|
85
|
38.1
|
| |
Deterministic multivariate
|
6
|
2.7
|
| |
Probabilistic
|
110
|
49.3
|
| |
Results for the primary outcome in the base case scenario
| | |
| |
More costs, more QALYs
|
147
|
65.9
|
| |
Less costs, more QALYs
|
63
|
28.3
|
| |
Less costs, comparable QALYs
|
5
|
2.2
|
| |
More costs, comparable QALYs
|
4
|
1.8
|
| |
Less costs, less QALYs
|
2
|
0.9
|
| |
Comparable costs, more QALYs
|
2
|
0.9
|
|
Discussion
|
Limitations of study discussed
|
197
|
88.3
|
| |
Results compared with those of other economic evaluations
|
165
|
74.0
|
| |
Hypothetical willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold reported
| | |
| |
<30,000 €/QALY
|
4
|
1.8
|
| |
30,000 €/QALY
|
126
|
56.5
|
| |
>30,000 €/QALY–≤50,000 €/QALY
|
36
|
16.1
|
| |
>50,000 €/QALY
|
7
|
3.1
|
| |
Unclear or not reported
|
50
|
22.4
|
| |
Study conclusions
| | |
| |
Favourable
|
200
|
89.7
|
| |
Unfavourable
|
12
|
5.4
|
| |
Neutral/unclear
|
11
|
4.9
|
|
Other
|
Disclosed funding sources
|
169
|
75.8
|
| |
Private/for profit
|
135
|
60.5
|
| |
Public
|
38
|
17.0
|
| |
None/not reported
|
49
|
22.0
|
| |
Mixed
|
1
|
0.4
|
| |
Disclosed conflicts of interest
|
135
|
60.5
|
| |
With conflicts of interest
|
94
|
42.1
|
| |
With no conflicts of interest
|
41
|
18.4
|
| |
Disclosed authors’ contribution
|
46
|
20.6
|
