Table 3 Summary of included studies
Author, year | Country | Time | Study design | Sample size | Age (years) | Male:female | Patient characteristics | Exposure | Outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yamaguchi et al. [24] | Japan | Oct 1998–June 2005 | Cross-sectional | n = 64 | Mean, range = 60.7, 24–85 | 12:52 | Disease duration (<1 year, <5, <10, >10): n = 19, n = 17, n = 18, n = 10 | H. pylori: positive (n = 37), negative (n = 27) | H. pylori positive | |
% reflux esophagitis 27 | ||||||||||
% diffuse disease 17 | H. pylori negative | |||||||||
% smoking 30 | % reflux esophagitis 70 | |||||||||
% alcohol 34 | ||||||||||
% corticosteroid use 72 | ||||||||||
Hudson et al. [25] | Canada | Aug 2004–Nov 2009 | Cross-sectional | n = 606 | Mean, SD = 55, 12 | 79:527 | % Caucasian: 87.0 | Smoking status: never (n = 255), past (n = 252; mean pack-years of smoking = 17, SD = 18), current (n = 99; mean pack-years of smoking = 25, SD = 17) | Never | Current |
Disease duration (mean, SD): 11, 9 | Mean severity of GI symptoms: 1.61 out of 10 | Mean severity of GI symptoms: 2.18 out of 10 | ||||||||
% diffuse disease 36.0 | Mean number of GI symptoms: 3.99 out of 14a | Mean number of GI symptoms: 4.91 out of 14a | ||||||||
% poor appetite 28.6a | % poor appetite 47.5a | |||||||||
% difficulty swallowing 54.1 | % difficulty swallowing 59.6 | |||||||||
% acid reflux 60.8 | % acid reflux 68.7 | |||||||||
% nocturnal choking 28.6 | % nocturnal choking 29.3 | |||||||||
% heartburn 41.6 | % heartburn 54.5 | |||||||||
% early satiety 38.8 | % early satiety 51.5 | |||||||||
% abdominal bloating 34.9 | % abdominal bloating 43.4 | |||||||||
% nausea and vomiting 14.1 | % nausea and vomiting 23.2 | |||||||||
% chronic constipation 25.5 | % chronic constipation 32.3 | |||||||||
% chronic diarrhea 23.9 | % chronic diarrhea 26.3 | |||||||||
% antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth 7.5 | % antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth 6.1 | |||||||||
% greasy stools 18.8 | % greasy stools 24.2 | |||||||||
% fecal incontinence 19.2 | % fecal incontinence 22.2 | |||||||||
% parenteral nutrition 2.4 | % parenteral nutrition 2.0 | |||||||||
% taking medications for GI symptoms 73.7 | % taking medications for GI symptoms 59.6 | |||||||||
% taking medications for GI symptoms 67.1 | ||||||||||
Radic et al. [26] | Croatia | Jan 2009–Dec 2010 | Cross-sectional | n = 42 | Mean, SD = 54.3, 13.6 | 4:38 | Disease duration (median, range): 6, 1–43 years | H. pylori: positive (n = 26), negative (n = 16) | H. pylori positive | |
% GI problems 85 | ||||||||||
% diffuse disease 95.3 | H. pylori negative | |||||||||
% GI problems 31 | ||||||||||