Table 1 Study and participant descriptive characteristics of included studies
Author, year; design; funding | Summary of included participants; incentives | Summary of excluded participants | Demographics: mean age (range) of randomized participants; Sex (% female, intervention versus control) | Country | Setting | Number of participants screened | Randomized participants | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | C | |||||||
BI versus no BI | ||||||||
Baer et al., 2007 [33]; Single site RCT; Government funding | 127 participants who were homeless and with one or more binge drinking episodes or used illicit drugs four or more times in the past 30Â days; Incentives offered for enrolling and attending BI and follow-up sessions | Those receiving alcohol or drug treatment in the past 30Â days. | 17.9 y (13 to 19 y); 44%a | United States | Nonprofit, faith-based drop-in center | 254 | 75 | 52 |
Humeniuk et al., 2008 [35]; Multisite RCT; WHO and in-kind contributions and government grants from individual sites | 731 (Australia n = 171, Brazil n = 165, India n = 177, USA n = 218) participants aged 16 to 62 y with a fixed address who scored in the moderate risk range for cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine stimulants, or opioids; Incentives offered for attending BI session and follow-up sessions | Those pending incarceration, with severe behavior, with past-month drug or alcohol treatment, or unable to attend the follow-up appointment. | 31.4 y (16 to 62 y); 27.9%a | Australia, United States, Brazil, and India | One primary, urban general health outpatient hospital setting (Brazil); 31 primary, urban, general health-care units/clinics (Brazil, USA); one walk-in clinic associated with a drug treatment program (USA); several general medicine and dental urban clinics (USA); three clinics/centers specializing in sexually transmitted diseases (Australia, Brazil). | NR | 372 | 359 |
BI versus Written Information | ||||||||
Bernstein et al., 2009 [34]; Single site RCT; Government funding | 210 participants who reported ‘3 to 5 days per month of cannabis use were included; Incentives offered for enrolling and attending follow-up sessions | Those institutionalized, in custody, in residential treatment, receiving a rape exam or were evaluated for suicide precautions. | Mean NR (14 to 21 y); 63.2% versus 67.6% | United States | Pediatric emergency department in an urban academic hospital. | 7,804 | 68 | 71 |
Zahradnik et al., 2008 [37]; Cluster RCT (randomization by hospital ward); Government funding | 126 participants (2 hospitals; 17 randomized wards) who consumed opioids, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives, or caffeine with addiction potential for more than 60Â days in the last 3Â months or met criteria for DSM-IV dependence or abuse; Incentives offered for enrolling and attending BI and follow-up sessions | Those using opioids for cancer, with a terminal disease, with dependence on or use of illegal drugs, or receiving substance use treatment. | 55.13 y (18 to 69 y); 64.9% versus 60% | Germany | Two hospitals (general and university); internal, surgical, and gynecological wards | 6,042 | NR | NR |
Bernstein et al., 2005 [17]; Single-site RCT; Government funding | 1,175 participants who self-reported use of cocaine and/or heroin in the last 30 days, and scored ≥3 on the DAST instrument; Incentives offered for enrolling and attending follow-up sessions | Those in drug use treatment or protective custody. | Mean NR (>18 y); 30.6% versus 28.2% | United States | Three walk-in clinics (urgent care, women’s clinic, homeless clinic) at an urban teaching hospital | 23,669 | 590 | 585 |