Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies
Author, year | Study design | Patients ( n) | Female (%) | Age (years) | Psychiatric diagnoses | Suicidal behaviors | Sleep disturbances |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agargun, 1997 [7] | Retrospective | 113 | 74% | Mean: 32.6 range: 18-70 | Major depression | Ideation | Insomnia and hypersomnia assessed by SCID-I |
Li, 2010 [8] | Cross-sectional | 1,231 | 68.20% | Mean: 42.4, range 18-65 | Major depression, Bipolar, Other | Attempt | Self-reported insomnia and recurrent nightmares assessed by a questionnaire |
McGirr, 2007 [12] | Prospective | 156 | 19.20% | Mean: 42.4 | Major depression | Completed suicide | Insomnia and hypersomnia assessed by SCID-I |
Nrugham, 2008 [13] | Prospective | 2,464 | 50.80% | Mean age 13.7 | Depressive symptom and disorder | Ideation, attempt | Insomnia, hypersomnia, non-restorative sleep assessed by K-SADS and MFQ |
Paffenbarger, 1994 [14] | Prospective | 21,582 | 0 | Range: 35-74 | Depressive disorder | Completed suicide | Self-reported insomnia assessed by a questionnaire |
Pompili, 2009 [15] | Retrospective | 40 | 10% | Mean: 40 Range: 23-76 | Schizophrenia | Completed suicide | Insomnia defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or non-restorative sleep causing impaired functioning or suffering that was long-lasting or demanded treatment and recorded from patients’ medical records |
Sjostrom, 2009 [16] | Prospective | 165 | 78% | Range: 18-69 | Axis 1 DSM disorders | Attempt | Difficulties initiating sleep, problems maintaining sleep and early morning awakening assessed by USI |
Agargun, 1997 [17] | Prospective | 41 | 76% | Mean: 34.6 SD: 10.8 | Major depression | SADS suicidality score | Subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleeping medications, daytime dysfunction, and global severity measured by PSQI |
Agargun, 1998 [18] | Prospective | 63 | 76% | Mean: 34.1 SD: 10.8 | Major depression | Ideation, attempts | Frequency of nightmares |
Agargun, 1998 [19] | Unclear | 67 | 73.10% | Mean: 31.9 SD: 8.8 | Panic disorder | Ideation | Sleep panic and insomnia ascertained from SADS |
Agargun, 2003 [20] | Prospective | 26 | 61.50% | Unclear | Major depression | HDRS suicide scores | REM latency, REM%, REM periods measured by three nights of polysomnography |
Chellappa, 2007 [21] | Cross-sectional | 70 | 62.90% | Mean:: 40.5 SD: 12.54 | Major depression | Ideation | Insomnia or excessive sleepiness assessed by the SHQ and ICSD |
Krakow, 2000 [22] | Prospective | 153 | 100% | Mean: 36.4 SD: 11.1 | PTSD | Hamilton Depression and suicidality scores | SMD and SDB assessed by AASM 1997 and ASDA 1997 |
Agargun, 2007 [23] | Retrospective | 100 | 52% | Mean: 32.1 SD: 10.7 | Unipolar major depression | Attempt | Nightmares assessed by ICSD-R; insomnia assessed by the HDRS items 6, 7, and 8 |
Yoshimasu, 2006 [24] | Cross-sectional | 231 | 57.10% | Mean: 36.3 SD: 28.5 | Major depression | Ideation | Insomnia assessed by SDS, KMI, and patients’ three most painful complaints |
Bjorngaard 2011 [25] | Prospective | 74,977 | 51% | Mean: 37.9 SD: 16.0 | Anxiety, depression | Completed suicide | Self-reported sleep difficulties assessed by a questionnaire |
Li 2012 [26] | Prospective | 419 | 81.80% | Mean: 44.6 SD: 10.4 | Major depression | Ideation | Insomnia, nightmares, and frequency of sleep disturbances measured by a questionnaire |
Krakow 2011 [27] | Cross-sectional | 1,584 | 55% | Mean: 49.8 SD: 66.4 | Depression | Attempt | Sleep disturbances measured by SMH, ISI DDNSI, FOSQ, and TMB-10 |
Fawcett, 1990 [1] | Prospective | 954 | 58% | Mean: 38.1 Range: 17-79 | Major affective disorder | Completed suicide | Insomnia assessed by SADS |