Table 1 Enhanced placebo effect and nocebo effect
IIEF-EF change scores | Placebo effects | Treatment effects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk-of-bias domain | Number of trials | Studies with low risk of bias | Studies with unclear or high risk of bias | Difference(A) | P value (t test) | Studies with low risk of bias | Studies with unclear or high risk of bias | Difference(B) | P value (t test) | Variability in bias (P value) |
Allocation concealment | n/N | a (95% CI) (IV) | b (95% CI) (IV) | b − a (95% CI) | c (95% CI) (IV) | d (95% CI) (IV) | d − c (95% CI) | |||
Blinding: participant | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||
Blinding: caregiver | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||
Blinding: outcome assessor | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||
Summary of four risk of bias domains | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |